Theories of Learning and Behaviour Modification

Classical conditioning: reflex and learnt components (NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR); key principles – acquisition, stimulus generalisation, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery (studies: Pavlov, 1902; Watson and Rayner, 1920). Operant conditioning: three-phase model (antecedent, behaviour, consequence), reinforcement and punishment (positive/negative), schedules of reinforcement (studies: Thorndike, 1898; Skinner, 1938). Social learning theory (Bandura, 1977): observational learning, modelling, vicarious reinforcement (study: Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1961). Application to behaviour modification: systematic desensitisation, token economies.